The magical texts were an important part of the scientific texts in Egypt  The Egyptian writer used different materials to record them such as papyrus, oestraca, stone paintings and statues. Egyptian scientists used the classification of ancient Egyptian texts to  Literary texts, funerary texts, magic texts, and so on. But sometimes it mixed up with them, and there was a mistake  Category. For example, the story of "The Seas That Crashed His Boat" is usually classified as a literary text While it is a story that contains magical aqua. The coffins are usually classified as funerary texts, though they are  In some parts contains magical texts, especially the book of the two ways  Which was placed on some coffins of the central state and provided the deceased  With the information he needs to get through the world of tools  He described it as two roads, one waterway and the other the land road. And between them...

The most powerful periods of monarchy were concentrated in the age of the Fourth Dynasty, the era of the builders of the Great Pyramids, and the administration was concentrated in the hands of the king, who can be called the King of the Father because he oversees justice and truth, both on earth and in the other world First: The King and the State: The king assisted some of the assistants in his duties, headed by the minister, who was considered the personal representative of the king and was one of his duties oversee the house of money and justice in addition to the administrative work and assisted the minister in all works, a layer of the general public filled other jobs and a class of learners, including clerks and others, The administration was organized, otherwise the huge pyramids were not built. Beginning with the age of the Fifth Dynasty and the emergence of the Sun faith and its god, Ra, who was considered as the creator of the world, the King lost some of his power. ...

The Hyksos abused the Egyptians, burned the cities and villages without mercy, destroyed the temples, slaughtered some of the inhabitants, forced the Egyptians to pay new taxes, and built castles and forts. Over time, the Hyksos was influenced by the Egyptian civilization. They won and won the Pharaohs in their names, uniforms and traditions. They spoke the Egyptian language and converted to the religion of the Egyptians. The ancient Egyptians did not reassure the Hexos and continued to hate their rule and viewed them with contempt because they had robbed them of their country's independence and freedom of their homeland. The national spirit was strengthened among the Egyptians with the days, and they were determined to expel the Hyksos and liberate the homeland. The princes of Tiba led the struggle against the Hyksos, having established their control over Egypt and founded the 17th Dynasty. When the Hyksos feared that the Egyptians would become stronger, their king saw the...

The third family era passed after the death of Senefro Vasses Khufu, the fourth family who ruled Egypt for about a century and a half (2900 - 2750 BC). In the era of this famous family, which is considered by many as the strongest and greatest Egyptian families, where Egypt reached the peak of glory and civilization and based on the amount of power from the effects left by the pyramids and the best witness to the greatness of kings so that the pyramid of Khufu the largest, but Giza is one of the seven wonders of the world if not The most famous of them was the construction of the pyramids, which was to find a fortified place for the king's body not to be touched by the hands. Khufu died behind him the second pyramid  in the smaller Giza, and in his day the power of the king began to weaken a little as the strength of the priests of En (Ain Shams), who entered the country's politics. It was said that the statue of the Sphinx, which does not know its maker, worked in th...

The reign of the two families was 420 years, and their property was the city of Tina, after King Narmer Mina unified the Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt, namely the Delta and the Upper and the meaning of the word Meena, the founder or the immortal, and reminds us of some historical sources that he himself may be King Scorpio. which indicate the presence of the king and established the unity of Egypt is a board slate, which was found in the area Harakounboles "old southern capital." If we look at this painting, we see the name of King Narmer in the front of the royal palace. If we look at the sides of the arduous plank above, we see two hieroglyphs representing Hathor, the goddess of love and beauty of the ancient Egyptians, and their presence in the painting represents the religious protection of the king. In the form of the white crown "Hadjat", which represents the south in Upper Egypt and other times wearing the red crown "Darsher", which represents ...

Isis and Osiris story Philae island and temple  The reader of that timeless myth may err in the conception that is Isis and Osiris are historical figures. The reason for this is that ancient Egyptian mythology was infused with cosmic events in an abstract form, and its cosmic symbols are dyed in human form. To make matters more complicated, some of the events of the story of Isis and Osiris were reported to have occurred in Egyptian cities. Certain places were associated with the events of the story of Isis and Osiris; this connection between certain places known in Egypt and between the events of the story is what caused the reader to be puzzled. The story of Isis and Osiris is a mythological story that tells about events that took place at the time of the creation of the universe. These events did not take place in the land of Egypt as some imagine, but the opposite is true. It was the Egyptians who created names Linked to the events of the emergence of the univers...

Because the Nile is running along the length of the country, boats and ships have been the most important means of transportation in Egypt since ancient times and even the reigns of Muslim rulers. Ships have been shown in frescoes since the Naqada civilization (circa 4000 to 3100 BC); from the time of the ancient state, small wooden models of ships became among the funerary furniture in many tombs. These models represent many types of boats that the ancient Egyptians designed for different purposes. The papyrus boats were used for picnic in the Delta swamps; in daily activities, large wooden boats were used to transport heavy goods, religious ceremonies and for military purposes. During the Ptolemaic period, the Ptolemies built a vast naval force. Ptolemaic ships were manufactured in a variety of ways, which were known throughout the Hellenic world. Pareidates were an important type of naval vessel. The "Kerkoros" ships were used for both commercial and maritime purpose...

Throughout its long history, Egypt has experienced difficult times of terrible upheaval and has experienced long periods of great prosperity. Leaders who have united the country, expelled the invaders and conquered the neighboring countries are highlighted as rulers that have strengthened Egypt's power. Other leaders were known for their contribution to Egyptian civilization; from the construction of architectural monuments to the support of arts and culture, the establishment of schools and the establishment of libraries. In prehistoric times, many human settlements became small tribal kingdoms; they eventually evolved into two states: one in the north and one in the south. King Narmer Narmer, also known as King Mena, succeeded in uniting the two and establishing a centralized central government around 3200 BC. This established the rules of Pharaonic rule in Egypt, which was divided into thirty families (dynasty). The rulers of the ancient state completed impressive const...

Hieratic writing was a type of ongoing (related) writing techniques which, evidently, developed at the same time as hieroglyphics; the two systems were used side by side. The term "Hiratiki" came from a Greek word meaning priest; it was used only in the writing of religious texts. On the papyrus, leather, wood panels, and ostraca (chalks or potsherds), as well as linen: the letter to the dead from the ancient state, and the emblems of the definition of mummies, such as those on a sarcophagus Ramses II, all written on linen Hieratic writing was also used in the codification of commercial documents, accounts and letters. They were generally written in rows, sometimes in columns; specifically after 1800 BC. Hieratic texts differed according to the writing skills of the writer and the type of text The remaining hieratic texts in general show a keen interest in the beauty of the calligraphy of literary and religious texts, with a related reductionist method of quick...