Her father, Ptolemy XII, wished to be followed on the throne by his son Ptolemy XIII, his eldest son, and his seventh eldest daughter, Kilopatra. King died in the spring of 51 BC and left the throne to Abnath and wrote a will before his death to Rome to Tvz the commandment, two Governors ruled Egypt appeared to strangers in 51 BC and, Ptolemy XIII was ten years old, and his sister Kluotra in the eighteenth And according to the customs of the Ptolemaic royal family married the brothers (Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra VII) !!!!!! In three years, Cleopatra was expelled from Egypt and stood by her army on the Egyptian-Syrian border, ready to provide for her rights against her brother. In the meantime, Julius Caesar invaded Italy, Pompey gathered his forces to a counter attack in Macedonia. The following year, Julius Caesar defeated Pompey in the Battle of Persalus. The latter fled with a small group of ships to Egypt. And put implacably plan by tile Potolemaic to kill Pompey, an...

Most metals and precious stones used in the manufacture of tools, pots and ornaments were extracted from the Eastern and Western deserts of Egypt. Mining was an exhausting and deadly activity. Because most of the mines were in the desert, workers' living conditions were harsh; mining was therefore practiced seasonally. Mobility to land mines was unavoidable. The slow donkey convoys were out of reach and needed massive troops to protect them from bandits The old mines were small spaces, not expanded, and supported by wooden beams, as in the present. The miners had to lie on their stomachs, beating their shovels all day long. Workers were usually hired with food and drink, and were not allowed to keep a piece of gold or jewelery; however small. In the Roman era, slaves who were prisoners of war or prisoners in crimes were used to work in mines. Poor families, with their children, also worked in mines. The children crawled in the small spaces to take out the rock crusher. Co...

Abu simbul) is an archaeological site located in the mountain belly south of Aswan. It consists of two major temples carved into the rock . It was built by King Ramses II in 1250 BC. The facade of the temple consists of four large statues . The king is 67 meters (20 meters) tall and a door leading to 180-foot-long rooms. There are six statues at the entrance to the other temple, four of them for Ramses II and two for his wife Nefertari. Project rescue of Abu Simbel temples of drowning These were threatened by drowning due to the formation of Lake Nasser behind the High Dam. In 1965, the Egyptian government, in cooperation with UNESCO, moved the temple to a nearby high-level location not reached by Lake Nasser. The project included cutting the temple into large stones weighing 1-2 tons, then lifting them and then assembling them in the new place.

The basic system of writing in ancient Egypt was the hieroglyphic mark, which began to take shape around 3000 BC and reached the standard accepted early in the first family. There are thousands of signs that ancient Egyptians have described as "holy words." The word "hieroglyphic" comes from the Greek language, where "hieros" in the sacred sense, "globtin" in the sense of written text engraved; where the Greeks think is used only for engraving on the monuments or monument that was constructed to remain forever. The hieroglyphs were carved or painted on the walls of temples and tombs, on burial implements, on paintings of all kinds, on pieces of jewelry, and on phantom doors. Hieroglyphic texts concern all things that are intended to remain written forever; in particular, religious, historical, political, and pathological texts. Each hieroglyphic sign represents something realistic that has an actual presence in ancient Egyptian lif...

The ancient Egyptians used a type of writing based on images, in recording their ideas. Unlike other writings that are always written in one direction, hieroglyphics can be edited and read from right to left or vice versa; or vertically in both directions. One can define the beginning direction from which text is read, depending on animal or human labeling; for backward and forward, as these marks always face the beginning of the text. When writing hieroglyphic texts, the ancient Egyptians ignored the sounds of moving letters, as is now the case with Arabic and Hebrew writing. From the time of the ancient state onwards, the ancient Egyptians also used the Hieratic script; a short, concise writing on papyrus, used by priests in religious and funerary texts. With the later pharaonic times and the Ptolemaic period, a more concise written writing was used: the demotic script. Throughout ancient Egyptian history, scribes were considered the custodians of literary traditions. In add...

Egyptian arms from ancient times to the end of the Middle Kingdom were practically the same as those of their African and Palestinian neighbors, whose peaceful arts and political organizations were less advanced than in the Pharaonic state. In the modern state and beyond, These new innovations came from Asia and were immediately passed on to the Libyans, and Egypt never surpassed its neighbors. The Egyptians, who were built with stones and farmers, were slower than other nations benefiting from advances in the mineral industry. The stick is the most famous of the prehistoric weapons - a pseudo-blumerang - in martial dances, but used for practical purposes in hunting birds. The soldiers were used in the long-range battles during the ancient state and the middle state slingshot or bow, The Egyptian arch has one curve, and the Nubian arch has two curves. The arch remained the symbol of the nation at war. The traditional phrase (the nine hurdles) expresses the nine nations that w...

Divided into : 1 - Chapter I: Means of knowledge of legal systems in ancient Egypt - The sources that historians have approved for the old legal systems are: Documents written 2 - Symbol inscribed (statues, pyramids and stones) Our knowledge of the old legal systems is: 1 - We have reached the books written by Roman and Greek historians about Egypt, which provides us with a degree of legal knowledge and examples of historians: 1 - Greek Herodotus: Herodotus examined Egyptians' customs and traditions, and some of them called the father of history, while others called him the most legendary of his writings. 2 - Diodore Skalli: He analyzed the political, social and religious conditions of the old Egyptian, but he was more objective, although he sometimes made mistakes 3 - Egyptian priest Maniton: He lived in the era of Ptolemy II and wrote about the social and political life in the era of the Pharaohs and the most important thing he did: 1 - A book containing three p...

Egypt was considered to be the most ancient country in the whole of the world. Its natural borders, represented by the first waterfall at Aswan and the desert east and west of the Nile Valley and the Mediterranean coast in the north, provided adequate protection against foreign invasion; moreover, the Egyptians themselves were not a society of invaders and conquerors. For that reason, the country did not need an army of professionals; instead, Egypt was modestly organized by a part-time army with weak armaments. However, there was compulsory military service for young people and peasants; times of crisis. In addition, a small contingent of regular soldiers was deployed throughout the country to maintain order, protect public buildings, palaces and cemeteries. Nevertheless, wars were unavoidable; they could not be avoided. This is why the images of the king were repeated as he chastised the enemies of the outsiders through the history of ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians refer...

The older kings of Egypt usually took the burden of governmental, administrative, judicial, financial and military actions on the largest official in the state, the minister, and was called the ancient Egyptian language (That) The minister was the most important and powerful minister, because the minister was the first man of the state to follow the king directly in importance, influence and authority, and because the minister served as a liaison between the king and the various departments, both in the capital or in the provinces. In this respect, the minister was elected from one of the oldest families devoted to the dedicated throne in his loyalty and service to him. He was sometimes appointed by the parents of the covenant or the sons of the king or the king's relatives in some periods. In other times, the minister's job was hereditary, Between the position of Minister and the position of the Priests of the Official God of the State. The first minister of ancient ...

Textiles were used in ancient Egypt for many purposes, including clothes, bags, sails, ropes and nets. Ancient Egyptian textiles were mainly made of linen, which comes from flax fibers. They were made from palm fibers, grasses, seeds and, to a lesser extent, sheepskin and goat hair. Flax fibers were spun, separated from the plant, and then spun yarn on a loom; In Pharaonic Egypt, the textile industry was limited to working women on hooks in workshops usually found inside houses, palaces or large losses. Flax fibers, by their nature, had pale golden, brown or green colors; if the plant crop was cut early. The ancient Egyptians used dandruff, or plant dyes for textile coloring; although plant cellulose made dye difficult. And give the cucumber to the texture yellow, yellowish-brown or red. The plant material used in the dye included the herb (herbaceous) for the blue color, the alfalfa and the safflower for the red color. Bleaching was also used for the manufacture of white texti...