One of the most important queens in the early period of this period, namely the seventeen-year-old Taybiya, which fought against the invasion of the Hyksos to the north of the country, is Queen Teti Chery. Queen Ahmetus I, and one of the women who played a special role in motivating and supporting the 17th Dynasty kings in their struggle against the Hyksos. King Ahmus I remained loyal to her, and left us a painting to tell us how much the grandchild's grandma, the painting of the king picture us sitting to his wife, as if they think what they can do to their ancestors: "I remember my mother's mother and my father's mother, the great wife of the king, and the mother of the king, the revered Teti Cheri. Today she has a burial chamber and a tomb over the territory of the Tibetan province and the district. Abidos, but I tell you this because my majesty thought to set up a pyramid in the Holy Land near my Majesty's impact, "said His Majesty. Que...

Her father, Ptolemy XII, wished to be followed on the throne by his son Ptolemy XIII, his eldest son, and his seventh eldest daughter, Kilopatra. King died in the spring of 51 BC and left the throne to Abnath and wrote a will before his death to Rome to Tvz the commandment, two Governors ruled Egypt appeared to strangers in 51 BC and, Ptolemy XIII was ten years old, and his sister Kluotra in the eighteenth And according to the customs of the Ptolemaic royal family married the brothers (Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra VII) !!!!!! In three years, Cleopatra was expelled from Egypt and stood by her army on the Egyptian-Syrian border, ready to provide for her rights against her brother. In the meantime, Julius Caesar invaded Italy, Pompey gathered his forces to a counter attack in Macedonia. The following year, Julius Caesar defeated Pompey in the Battle of Persalus. The latter fled with a small group of ships to Egypt. And put implacably plan by tile Potolemaic to kill Pompey, an...

Most metals and precious stones used in the manufacture of tools, pots and ornaments were extracted from the Eastern and Western deserts of Egypt. Mining was an exhausting and deadly activity. Because most of the mines were in the desert, workers' living conditions were harsh; mining was therefore practiced seasonally. Mobility to land mines was unavoidable. The slow donkey convoys were out of reach and needed massive troops to protect them from bandits The old mines were small spaces, not expanded, and supported by wooden beams, as in the present. The miners had to lie on their stomachs, beating their shovels all day long. Workers were usually hired with food and drink, and were not allowed to keep a piece of gold or jewelery; however small. In the Roman era, slaves who were prisoners of war or prisoners in crimes were used to work in mines. Poor families, with their children, also worked in mines. The children crawled in the small spaces to take out the rock crusher. Co...

She was the wife of "Sakhnin Ra Ta'o" (II), one of the heroes of "Thebes" in the "Hixus" war, and the mother of King Ahmose I, the editor of Egypt of the invaders, The importance of this queen and her fame as one of the great queens in this family was due to her prominent role in the struggle for Egypt against the Hyksos. This was evidenced by the text of a stone plaque found in front of the eighth edifice of the temples of Karnak and began with the titles of King Ahmose and his works, This was a passage for his mother, the queen, "Ihah-hatt", in which everyone was commanded to glorify her. He said: "Praise the Lady of the Earth, the Lady of the Mediterranean Islands (Hao Nebo), famous in every foreign country, who sets plans for the people, the husband of the king, the sister of the king, , Which sponsored the affairs of Egypt, which took care of the order of its army, and put it under its care, were the ones who brou...

The ancient Egyptians used a type of writing based on images, in recording their ideas. Unlike other writings that are always written in one direction, hieroglyphics can be edited and read from right to left or vice versa; or vertically in both directions. One can define the beginning direction from which text is read, depending on animal or human labeling; for backward and forward, as these marks always face the beginning of the text. When writing hieroglyphic texts, the ancient Egyptians ignored the sounds of moving letters, as is now the case with Arabic and Hebrew writing. From the time of the ancient state onwards, the ancient Egyptians also used the Hieratic script; a short, concise writing on papyrus, used by priests in religious and funerary texts. With the later pharaonic times and the Ptolemaic period, a more concise written writing was used: the demotic script. Throughout ancient Egyptian history, scribes were considered the custodians of literary traditions. In add...

Egyptian arms from ancient times to the end of the Middle Kingdom were practically the same as those of their African and Palestinian neighbors, whose peaceful arts and political organizations were less advanced than in the Pharaonic state. In the modern state and beyond, These new innovations came from Asia and were immediately passed on to the Libyans, and Egypt never surpassed its neighbors. The Egyptians, who were built with stones and farmers, were slower than other nations benefiting from advances in the mineral industry. The stick is the most famous of the prehistoric weapons - a pseudo-blumerang - in martial dances, but used for practical purposes in hunting birds. The soldiers were used in the long-range battles during the ancient state and the middle state slingshot or bow, The Egyptian arch has one curve, and the Nubian arch has two curves. The arch remained the symbol of the nation at war. The traditional phrase (the nine hurdles) expresses the nine nations that w...

Divided into : 1 - Chapter I: Means of knowledge of legal systems in ancient Egypt - The sources that historians have approved for the old legal systems are: Documents written 2 - Symbol inscribed (statues, pyramids and stones) Our knowledge of the old legal systems is: 1 - We have reached the books written by Roman and Greek historians about Egypt, which provides us with a degree of legal knowledge and examples of historians: 1 - Greek Herodotus: Herodotus examined Egyptians' customs and traditions, and some of them called the father of history, while others called him the most legendary of his writings. 2 - Diodore Skalli: He analyzed the political, social and religious conditions of the old Egyptian, but he was more objective, although he sometimes made mistakes 3 - Egyptian priest Maniton: He lived in the era of Ptolemy II and wrote about the social and political life in the era of the Pharaohs and the most important thing he did: 1 - A book containing three p...

Today i will talk about one of the most famous queens of ancient Egypt Queen Hatshepsut !! why she got all this fame why she is  One of the most famous and great queens in history ? Queen Hatshepsut  Hatshepsut's original name is  Ghanamat Amun Hatshepsut means: the beloved princess of Amun or the princess of Amun, the princess of Durrat .. who was she ? Queen Maat Ka Ra Hatshepsut (1482 BC) One of the most famous queens in history, the fifth Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty, ruled from 1503 BC. Until 1482 BC. The eldest daughter of Pharaoh Egypt was King Thutmose I and her mother Queen Ahmose. Her father, the king, had an illegitimate son, Thutmose  I I  , and she accepted to marry him on the custom of royal dynasties to share the rule of the state after his death. This queen has left many mysteries and secrets. Perhaps the most exciting of these mysteries is the character of Senmut, the architect who built he...

Egypt was considered to be the most ancient country in the whole of the world. Its natural borders, represented by the first waterfall at Aswan and the desert east and west of the Nile Valley and the Mediterranean coast in the north, provided adequate protection against foreign invasion; moreover, the Egyptians themselves were not a society of invaders and conquerors. For that reason, the country did not need an army of professionals; instead, Egypt was modestly organized by a part-time army with weak armaments. However, there was compulsory military service for young people and peasants; times of crisis. In addition, a small contingent of regular soldiers was deployed throughout the country to maintain order, protect public buildings, palaces and cemeteries. Nevertheless, wars were unavoidable; they could not be avoided. This is why the images of the king were repeated as he chastised the enemies of the outsiders through the history of ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptians refer...

Textiles were used in ancient Egypt for many purposes, including clothes, bags, sails, ropes and nets. Ancient Egyptian textiles were mainly made of linen, which comes from flax fibers. They were made from palm fibers, grasses, seeds and, to a lesser extent, sheepskin and goat hair. Flax fibers were spun, separated from the plant, and then spun yarn on a loom; In Pharaonic Egypt, the textile industry was limited to working women on hooks in workshops usually found inside houses, palaces or large losses. Flax fibers, by their nature, had pale golden, brown or green colors; if the plant crop was cut early. The ancient Egyptians used dandruff, or plant dyes for textile coloring; although plant cellulose made dye difficult. And give the cucumber to the texture yellow, yellowish-brown or red. The plant material used in the dye included the herb (herbaceous) for the blue color, the alfalfa and the safflower for the red color. Bleaching was also used for the manufacture of white texti...