Most metals and precious stones used in the manufacture of tools, pots and ornaments were extracted from the Eastern and Western deserts of Egypt. Mining was an exhausting and deadly activity. Because most of the mines were in the desert, workers' living conditions were harsh; mining was therefore practiced seasonally. Mobility to land mines was unavoidable. The slow donkey convoys were out of reach and needed massive troops to protect them from bandits The old mines were small spaces, not expanded, and supported by wooden beams, as in the present. The miners had to lie on their stomachs, beating their shovels all day long. Workers were usually hired with food and drink, and were not allowed to keep a piece of gold or jewelery; however small. In the Roman era, slaves who were prisoners of war or prisoners in crimes were used to work in mines. Poor families, with their children, also worked in mines. The children crawled in the small spaces to take out the rock crusher. Co...

In Egypt, naturally, there is a variety of mineral ores; but a few minerals - such as silver and tin - were imported from abroad. Copper metal was the most commonly used in ancient Egypt. Gold has been used in jewelery, just as silver has been used since the pre-family era. As bronze is known, it is an alloy (a mixture) of copper metal and tin since the Second Dynasty; but it became only common in the modern state. Iron meteorite was first known, but it was not extracted from mines or used in general; until the Ptolemaic era. Tin may have been imported from the islands of Crete and Cyprus, and was often used in the production of bronze. To reach a high enough temperature to extract minerals from their natural ores, the ancient Egyptians built special coal-fired stoves. The metal was melting, to purify, in a crucible above the fire. In the era of the Old Kingdom, the workers were blowing into the fire with a blower to reach the melting temperature of the metal, which required a ...

Our article today about King Ahmose I  how he had overcome the Hyksos  ? what factors helped him to do so? Who was Ahmose when he ruled and what was his plan?  we will know all this in the following texts Ahmose the first Ahmose the first rescuer of Egypt and the Hiksus and Asians, and the founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty - the greatest ruling families in Egypt. Ruling of 1550 BC. Until 1525 BC. Ahmose was the son of King Tao II of Sakhnin Ra, and brother of the martyred King Kamus, the last of the seventeenth Dynasty kings. At the age of ten Ahmose (born the moon ie Hilal) took power after the death of his father and the martyrdom of his brother in the war against the Hyksos. On his assumption of the throne, the royal name was Neb-Pahti-Ra (Ra is the master of power). The remains of his pyramid in Abidus were discovered in 1899, and he knew that it was his pyramid in 1902. Picture taken in 2005 from the top of Ahmose I's pyr...

Ancient Egypt was ruled by powerful kings called Pharaohs. He was Egypt's  political and religious leader  The first pharaoh was Narmer who was  identified with Menes in the ancient Egyptian written records as the first king  ,who united the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt  in about 3150BC.All the pharaohs after Narmer lived lives of great magnificence in fine palaces surrounded by courtiers and servants .They were extremely wealthy because they owend large states and they could afford to build large temples and tombs. The ordinary word for for king is 'nsw';which we conventionally translate sovereign; another titles common appellation is nb 'the lord'.We can not discuss their epithets of the king.such as ntr nfr 'the good god' nb tawy 'the lord of the two lands. The Egyptian original Pr-aa 'Great House'(written with the two biliteral hieroglyphs pr "house" and ˤ3 "column") was ...

Today we are going to talk about   pharaoh   Akhenaten  The first worshiper of one God on earth  The living spirit of Aton what did we don't know about him who he really was  what is the new discoveries about him !! his family his relations all about that we will find out here in this article   Drawing of Akhnaton Cairo Cast Akhenaten (Ikhnaton) or Amenhotep IV is a pharaoh of the eighteenth Dynasty . His father Amenhotep the Third (14171379 BC), and his mother Tey, who came from a popular environment, unlike what was known about the wives of the pharaohs who came from distinct strains. His mother-in-law is Tee, her husband the vehicle leader Aye, and his aunt, the sister of the Queen Mother, Moutnejmet. Akhenaten in his distinctive Amarna He was sentenced to 17 years by his wife Nefertiti since 1369 BC. The word Akhnaton means its beautiful with the sun disk. He attempted to unify the ancient gods of Egypt, ...

• 250 thousand years BC. In prehistoric times, Egypt  • 25 thousand years BC. The first Egyptian civilization in the Upper Badari region was founded on agriculture, hunting, breeding of birds and livestock, pottery and mining. • In the year 4000 BC. Irrigation systems emerged and Egypt became small tribal kingdoms. The tribal face symbolized the white crown and the sea face, symbolizing the red crown and the unification of King Mina from the south of the two continents since 3200 BC and the capital of Memphis. And this unification made Egypt a safe country and its capital Memphis, which made it the cornerstone and the beginning of human civilization undisputed and this is evident through the many records maintained by the dry environment to be a message saved through the successive times and engraved on the walls of great Ovaldh and the writing of Papyrus papyrus. There is a precise history of the march of this nation through the times and centuries, we find, such as that writ...

In ancient mythology it’s a common scene that at some point in the remote past. Mankind angered the gods which caused the gods or god to destroy most of them. This usually done by a great flood sent by the storm God whether that be the Mesopotamian god Enlil, the Israelite God Yahweh or the Greek god Zeus but in Egypt the Land of the sun the destruction of mankind takes a different form. This mythological tale forms the first part of a longer text known as “Book of the Heavenly Cow” was inscribed in five royal tombs of the New Kingdom at Valley of the Kings (the tombs of Tutankhamun, Seti I. Ramses II, Ramses III, and Ramses VI). This story happened in mythical times and talks of humanity’s rebellion against the self-creation God Re, the chaos that ensued, the fury of vengeance, and the reordering of the cosmos. It may have served many functions, including showing the consequences of rebellion against the legitimate ruler. The legend begins with the god Re’s ag...

Egypt under the reign of King Mena  The struggle of the Egyptians in order to achieve political unity and the impact of the Union of Egypt in the establishment of civilization and wear the double crown. The community went through several steps that had the greatest impact on civilization in the land of Egypt. These steps are the emergence of villages and cities, the emergence of autonomous regions, and the first unit in 4242 BC. And finally the national unity in 3200 BC. M. The first step: the emergence of villages and cities After the Egyptians went to the Nile Valley and worked in agriculture, each group settled in a village that cooperated together in the cultivation of the lands, and the villages were the beginning of human civilization that led to the emergence of cities. And people took to organize their lives in these villages and cities and appeared different idolatry around which the people of each city or village, and these go...

The third family era passed after the death of Senefro Vasses Khufu, the fourth family who ruled Egypt for about a century and a half (2900 - 2750 BC). In the era of this famous family, which is considered by many as the strongest and greatest Egyptian families, where Egypt reached the peak of glory and civilization and based on the amount of power from the effects left by the pyramids and the best witness to the greatness of kings so that the pyramid of Khufu the largest, but Giza is one of the seven wonders of the world if not The most famous of them was the construction of the pyramids, which was to find a fortified place for the king's body not to be touched by the hands. Khufu died behind him the second pyramid  in the smaller Giza, and in his day the power of the king began to weaken a little as the strength of the priests of En (Ain Shams), who entered the country's politics. It was said that the statue of the Sphinx, which does not know its maker, worked in th...