The ancient Egyptians excelled in astronomy, as they excelled in other sciences, and drove them to several things, including: the purity of their skies and free of clouds and clouds most of the year, and then take them some planets of the sky, especially the sun gods, : Their keenness to adjust the dates of the Nile, linking between them and the emergence of some planets at certain times, they mean the scheduling of planting and harvest.
The ancient Egyptians in the sky - other than the sun and the moon - distinguished planets that do not know the cold, including what we call Mercury and Venus (the star of the evening and the Morning Star), Mars (Haur Al Ahmar), Jupiter (the piercing star) and Saturn ), And they have made these stars in constellations (different from the constellations derived from the Babylonians) and difficult to know, and that it has been possible to identify the big bear (the ox's thigh) and the hen (in the form of the man with open arms) and the mighty ( In the form of a man walking, the foot barely touches the ground, and it is seen from above its necks), the same chair (in the form of Adam elongated arms), whale, chandelier and young B, pregnancy, was the star of Sirius and Arabs known as the star Abraq, a significant role in calculating the time folk, it was just before dawn Hrogah Ctracy a specific year in fact (with a range of 365.25 days).
These constellations were depicted in the familiar shapes on the roofs of some tombs. Their tombstones were usually decorated with the familiar star shapes in the circle of the celestial towers represented by the Greeks in the late ages of their civilization. They were in the temple of Dandara (5 km northwest) Qena, across the river) for example to one of these circles of animal towers that depict the sky ripples images of Egyptian constellations in their traditional forms, and their planets, and the following forms derived and added to the old Egyptian style - images of the zodiac 12 - 36. But there are examples Others are on the roof of the tomb of Sti 1, then the Sinmunot cemetery in the west of Tiba (in front of the monastery of the monastery), and then in the temple of Rumayum.
Thus, the evidence of things all but shows that the Egyptians had arrived in some astronomical fields to remarkable results, we have been able people to come to time account account is hardly different from our account to him, only slightly, then it is not surprising then that the calendar Our world today is in the 21st century, but it is the ancient Egyptian calendar directly and without any modification. The Nile gave the calendar to Egypt and Egypt gave it to the world, because the people's life was related to agriculture, which in turn is connected to the flood of the Nile, which is connected to the sun, Not the moon.
For the first time in history, Egyptians made the solar calendar, and Egypt was unique to other contemporary societies, which relied on the lunar calendar. While the lunar calendar was mixed with astrology before astronomy, especially in ancient Iraq, To the extent of panic, as in the story of the famous flood, but the astronomy in ancient Egypt did not deviate from the scientific trend.
Thus, since ancient times, the Egyptian observed that the floods come regularly every year, and at a certain time, then it happened that the first day in the flood occurred the appearance of the star of the Yemeni poetry (Subdet) in the eastern horizon before the sunrise, toward Memphis and when this phenomenon stabilized In their minds and noticed them for a while, they were waiting for them deliberately, and they called the star of the Yemeni poetry the title of the flood, and considered its appearance in the early dawn (about July 19 of the Julian calendar), the first day of the first chapter, the beginning of the year, The basis of the phenomena related to the Nile and its flood - to 3 chapters.
However, there is a third aspect to look at, not only denies the link of the civil year in the beginning with the emergence of the Yemeni star of poetry, but also That lunar calendar is the basis for calculating the short periods of time in people's lives, and in most probability they may have taken the average lunar year in several years and then reached That its length is 365 days.
And whatever it is, we have the Department of the folk year to 3 seasons: flood season (AGT), and starts from mid-July till mid-November, then the separation of the implant or winter (part), and starts from mid-November till mid-March, then Harvest or summer season (Shamo), starting from mid-March until mid-July, each chapter consists of 4 months and each month of 30 days.
Then divided the day to 24 hours, 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness, and carry each hour a particular name determines the impact, ie the people but have used the solar year and the lunar not like the rest of the peoples of the world.
And it was used to calculate the hours of daylight hours solar (practicing) which is measured along the shade, and to calculate the hours of the night water hours or hours of stardom (the stars tables), and the water clocks are large basins listed from inside indicate time low level of its water Ptsrabh abroad or taller Ptsrabh to the inside, and was to determine the time of such time requires calculations to adjust the water and the degree of evaporation volume, was also taken into account the different length of daylight, and the tables of the stars - and has begun to use since the modern state, that was not accepted - An astronomical instrument was used to record the stars' positions in dedicated tables Refers to the entry into specific areas, a process that was based on the roofs of the temples mostly, and depends on the monitoring of the presence of two observers of priests, each recorded the location of stars relative to the body of his colleague, has been kept in the tombs of the kings of the family 20 several tables of this type, and is the site show stars during the night hours 12 at intervals of 15 days, and in any case, hours old Egyptians were of different types are valid for measuring time compared approximated.
And the number of days of the year in the eyes of the ancient Egyptian 365 days, but as long as the astronomical year contains a little more than 365 days (365.25 days), it means that the civil year is delayed every four days for the solar year, in other words, the first day of the civil year is not consistent with the astronomical year (solar) only once every 1460 years (365 X 4), and this is what is known as the star Sirius cycle.
This slight difference was not apparent at first, but over time the calendar chapters seemed not to correspond to the real classes, as evident from the 19th century papyrus, whose owner complains that winter is coming in summer, months are reflected, hours The decree of Canopus (Abu Qir), written on March 7, 237 BC, provides evidence that the Egyptians, with their instinctive insistence on tradition, did not seek to remedy this situation. In this decree Ptolemy 3 (246 - 221) M..) input on 6 days Alenci 5, every 4 years, because the sun changed days every 4 years, "do not even come winter festivals in the summer, and even become a summer holiday Current winter festivals in the future as they were in the past, and even what everyone knows that what was missing from the classroom system and the year has been reformed, "as stipulated in the decree.
However, this attempt soon neglected, and one did not work out after him, and stayed calendar as it was, even took Julius Caesar (120-44 BC), the Egyptian calendar and the proposed reform and applied in Rome, and in 30 BC. M. Emperor August (27 BC - 14 AD) imposed on the Egyptians the Julian calendar, which is 365.25 days, and that both Astrabo and Diodore Sicily attributed this amendment to the Egyptians themselves, yet the Egyptians did not use it National this year, which they named the year Julian, Christian only after their conversion, and remained so until repaired Pope Gregory 13 in the 14th century AD., and the Gregorian calendar is now known as the Gregorian calendar.
Ludwig Borchardt (1863 - 1938 AD) notes that Roman historian Censorinus recorded the phenomenon of the onset of the Nile flood with the sunrise of the Yemeni star before the rise of the sun in 137 AD, and thus this year became the starting point For the duration of the cycle of the star of the Yemeni poetry, which has become a fulcrum based on retroactive calculations of static astronomical laws, we should only go back in history 1460 years back, to know when the first period of this star of Yemenite poetry began, and with a simple calculation we can determine these Periods were 1317 (year 1), 2772 (during the era of the builders of the pyramids) and 4225 BC. (Naqada 2 civilization), that is to say, we can penetrate the depths of history until 4225 BC, so some researchers point out that on July 19 (the Julian calendar) of 4225 BC, The history of the world, the beginning of the Egyptians' knowledge of the timing, that the corrections of the world "Carl Schoch" (1873 - 1929) make the oldest history in the world, is (4229 - 4226 BC), and this is based on scientific calculations Astronomy is of particular importance. Carch Schock says that the cycle of the Yemeni hair star is not exactly 1460 years old, but rather closer to 1456 years (in the middle state). This correction was based on increasing the speed of the sun and thus slowing the earth's rotation speed over the centuries, And on the great self-movement of the Yemeni hair star, at a more accurate rate of the arc of sight.
There is another aspect to consider, that follows a precise astronomical timing, but is a great mental work, undoubtedly depends on excellent ability in arithmetic and astronomy, we can not expect to happen in an early age where people did not know where to read and write, and Then it would have been better to determine the year 2772 BC, to know the Egyptians for the temporal time, not the year 4225 BC, because this timing can not arise until after a long period of observation and scrutiny, and then the ability to draw Man of these records is a precise and fixed system, and this may have been done under King Zoser of the family 3.
The Egyptian documents referred to the course of the star of the Yemeni poetry 3 times, at least, and at different intervals, the first: in documents of the year 7 of the reign of King Senusert 3, about 1872 BC, and the second: in the year 9 of King Amenhotep 1 ruled around 1536 BC and the third was during the reign of King Thutmose III around 1469 BC.
It is important to note that the ability of ancient Egyptians in astronomy is evident not in their evaluation, nor in the tables of the stars crossing the meridian line, nor in the tables of their sunrise, but in some of their astronomical instruments, (The thread of construction ie Shaqol) on the vulva stick

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