The ancient Egyptians had the ability to complete sophisticated engineering projects, such as massive pyramids and huge temples, using primitive tools. They have developed stone-cutting methods and transported large rock masses, placing them neatly in their designated places of construction. The pyramids were built on a perfectly flat base; Builders, engineers and construction workers used parts of their bodies as a measurement system for length. The primary unit of measurement was the arm, the distance from the elbow to the top of the middle finger of the palm. Despite variations in size for body parts for different workers, that system was appropriate for small enterprises. The royal arm, length 5, 52 cm (6, 20 inches) was used as a criterion in the construction of temples and pyramids; it required greater precision. Engineers, surveyors and construction workers used equipment and instruments to monitor the stars, guide the buildings according to the original four directions,...

What the ancient Egyptians left with movable or fixed effects: There is no doubt that the legacy of the ancient Egyptians is considered to be a trait The ancient Egyptians recorded some of their past in various documents; kings often recorded events and events of particular interest from their point of view, and dignitaries and individuals chronicled their lives in inscriptions on the walls of their tombs or Among the most important Egyptian works are the following: 1 Stone Palermo: The oldest historical Egyptian document that was left behind by the Egyptians, appears to be originally a text of diruvite engraved in both hieroglyphs and hieroglyphics; it records the names of kings from the pre-family era to the fifth Dynasty. And the height of about 70 cm, and about two meters long, has been broken this stone and left only six pieces, the largest and most important is now preserved in the Museum of the city of Palermo in Sicily, and the rest of the pieces there are four in t...

In ancient mythology it’s a common scene that at some point in the remote past. Mankind angered the gods which caused the gods or god to destroy most of them. This usually done by a great flood sent by the storm God whether that be the Mesopotamian god Enlil, the Israelite God Yahweh or the Greek god Zeus but in Egypt the Land of the sun the destruction of mankind takes a different form. This mythological tale forms the first part of a longer text known as “Book of the Heavenly Cow” was inscribed in five royal tombs of the New Kingdom at Valley of the Kings (the tombs of Tutankhamun, Seti I. Ramses II, Ramses III, and Ramses VI). This story happened in mythical times and talks of humanity’s rebellion against the self-creation God Re, the chaos that ensued, the fury of vengeance, and the reordering of the cosmos. It may have served many functions, including showing the consequences of rebellion against the legitimate ruler. The legend begins with the god Re’s ag...

Ramses II is considered one of the greatest kings of ancient Egypt. He was interested in the establishment of the architectural structure and the huge buildings from the Delta to the north and the second Jandal II in the south. His reign was also full of historical events that marked his time in Egyptian history. Ramses II is the third king of the 19th Dynasty, the son of King I and Queen Tuya, who took over the throne after his father's death. He ruled 67 years ago. The text of one of the walls of the Temple of I City in Abydos stated that he had participated in his rule with his father for three years. The period was considered the beginning of his rule after the death of his father directly and sitting on the throne alone. After he took power, like the rest of the pharaohs, he obtained royal titles, the most important of which was the royal name (and the secret of Maat Stepan Ra), which means the power of Ra and Maat, and the original name is Ra Masso Mari Amun. In his r...

Before the invention of printing, important literary and religious works were copied manually; a work done by scribes. In ancient Egypt, scribes were trained to write, by copying excerpts from classical Egyptian works. Religious texts were buried with the ancient Egyptians; these texts included curses, supplications (prayers), rituals and guidance about the afterlife. When the number of texts became so difficult to register on the coffins, they were inscribed on papyrus and placed inside the coffins. These texts became a major industry; the clerks had to complete thousands of copies. The places where the deceased's name was placed were left blank; until the papyrus was purchased by the writer. Mistakes were made, if the writer did not understand what he was writing; or if there were more than one writer working simultaneously in copying different passages (of the same text). Copies of papyrus scrolls continued to be carried out in the Greco-Roman era; it was necessary to...

Nefertari is the most important wife of Pharaoh Ramesses II, who lived in the era of the 19th Dynasty in the 11th century BC. She bore many children to Ramses but none of them lived like his father. She is also the mother of Meritamon, who has also become a queen. Nefertari is one of the eight wives of Ramses II. He is believed to have married her before he came to power in a joint sentence with his father, First City. Although she was not the main wife (his main wife, Isis Nefert, who became her son Merneptah), Nefertari was an important face in that era and evidence of the facade of the Temple of Abu Simbel, which Ramses built for her and the gods of Hathor and made of her statues in the size of the pharaoh statues they Called her « the beautiful  of the beauties» They were called Nefertari, or "beautiful". Its unique position is confirmed by the style of preference in the name. As historians say, the word "nefar" also means "good" or "good,...

Merit Amun was the daughter of Ramses II, the wife, and queen. Her statue was one of the most important archaeological finds in Akhmim, the tallest statue of an Egyptian monarch in history. The statue is a model of ancient Egyptian art in accuracy and color. The discovery of the site where the statue of Queen Merritt Amun was found was found at the end of 1981 during the excavation of foundations at a site located in the heart of the city of Akhmim, Sohag. Some archaeological evidence shows that it was the ruins of a 19th-century temple. The Egyptian Antiquities Authority then began excavation work, which lasted until 1990. It resulted in the discovery of the first statue of the Queen of limestone. The study of her titles recorded on the back panel of the statue shows that she was the daughter of King Ramses II, his goddess Hathor, the royal wife of Ramses II, and the fourth daughter of Ramesses. There is a tomb in the Valley of the Queens, and its ark is now preserved i...

Magic is still a mystery of the ancient Egyptian civilization. Although thousands of archaeological discoveries have been made and many Pharaonic papyri have been deciphered, mystery still surrounds the nature and essence of magic among the pharaohs. Magic remains the mystery surrounding the secrets of Pharaonic civilization. The magic began in ancient Egypt from ages before the age of writing knowledge, about 5200 years ago. It was associated with a certain class of priests, called "hymns" or "Griu Hob" in hieroglyphics, who were specialized in witchcraft, In order to influence people, sorcerers came to know the science of after-nature or metaphysics, where sorcerers were able to control the intangible forces that existed in nature, and in objects, both inanimate and living. Magicians only with terms, covenants and covenants, and no one was able to be charming Magicians were selected according to certain conditions to enter the temples and learn the arts of magi...

The era of the ancient state was known as the era of the builders of the pyramids. This period saw the largest building system in history, which led to the existence of a large number of pyramids, close to 100 pyramids. The third and fourth families were the largest. The pyramids of Giza, built during the Fourth Dynasty, are the crown of the crown of Egyptian civilization and an architectural miracle that has no parallel on the planet. Archaeologists interested in the physical research on how to build the pyramids and the date of its construction. As for the reasons for construction, it did not receive much attention. Most of the archaeologists described the pyramids as "tombs for the burial of the kings of Egypt" !!! But there are many researchers who have realized that this explanation for the construction of the pyramids is a mockery of the minds and is not commensurate with the magnitude of that great project. How can we believe that the pyramids were built for ...

The factors that helped the pharaonic civilization are divided into natural factors (great Nile, excellent location, climate, abundance of rocks and minerals) and human factors (positive action and continuous struggle). Natural factors Nile and its great virtue:  The Nile helped turn Egypt into a green paradise, and the Egyptians learned how to build ships, helping them to connect, exchange crops and trade.  The ancient Egyptians found the teacher and the source of the first life. They worshiped him and worshiped him in the form of a god called "Haby" and we still celebrate his "fulfillment of the Nile" every year. The ancient Egyptians left us with many historical texts that show the importance of the Nile River in their lives. And the impact of the Nile River in the life of the ancient Egyptian,  One of these texts says: "Peace be upon you, O Nile ... Who rekindles the land of Egypt and its creatures and plants. Peace be on you, O good Lord .....