Although no scientific books written in the Pharaonic era have been found, the scientific achievements of one of the oldest civilizations in the world continue to have a value that attests to what has come to the minds of the ancient Egyptians. Records of the applications of mathematics, astronomy, medicine and engineering have been found. Ancient Egyptians knew numbers and decimal fractions, and recorded spaces; such as circles, rectangles and triangles. They also recorded the quantities, sizes and other measurements.
The astronomy was very important for the Egyptians who monitored the sky periodically; in order to establish an Egyptian system for the calendar. Ancient Egyptians were interested in the annual cycle of the seasons; to determine the times of planting and harvesting (for different crops). For some designated individuals, time was of particular importance. Among them were astronomers and priests, who were responsible for determining the exact time for daily rituals and important religious holidays. The antiquity, invented by the ancient Egyptians, enabled astronomers and priests to observe the passage of the twelve hours of the day; but they were not suitable for observing the same hours of the night. Amenemhat was the owner of the first water clock, enabling the ancient Egyptians to measure the hours of the day: day or night, summer and winter. At this watery hour twelve pillars are carved, with eleven imaginary holes; corresponding to the twelve hours of the night. The water flowed from a small hole at the bottom; To find out the time, the observer had to look inside the vessel to observe the water level; the clock was read to the nearest imaginary hole.
During the Ptolemaic era, intellectual leadership moved from Athens to Alexandria; thus Egypt became the leader of the world's cultural and scientific movement for more than seven centuries. The ancient Bibliotheca Alexandrina - its museum - produced a new intellectual dynamism. The collection of all sources of knowledge together, and their organization for the purposes of cultural study, laid the foundation for the modern concept of a research institution; Science and the arts flourished within that educational port. The library has about 700,000 books in various fields of knowledge. To that end, scholars and scholars came to the library and deposited their work. The Ptolemies were keen to support all celebrity scientists and finance their research; they chose their fields, unconditionally. They also offered the scientists special features that enticed them to stay in Alexandria.
Differences and battles between the authors and scientists during that period led to the emergence of Alexandria's scientific schools in the fields of literature, philosophy, mathematics, engineering, astronomy, physics and geography. Therefore, knowledge of that science was necessary for every intellectual who wanted to follow the path of knowledge.
This scientific climate led to the emergence of a large number of Egyptian scientists in various fields. Ptolemy, who lived in the second century AD, collected geographical and mathematical knowledge in order to prepare the first map of the world: the correct dimensions of each region. This paved the way for modern geography. He also gathered Flotinus, Gnostic idolatry, Plato's philosophy and others; to bring it out in its own sense of the world of abstract thought.

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