The Nile, which flows along the whole country from the south to the north, has united Egypt since prehistoric times. Egypt had a central government around 3200 BC. The (historical) event records the "Narmer", a triangular piece of basalt. It depicts the first king of Egypt, Narmer "Narmer" - also known as Mena. Mena founded the city of Enb-Haj, or the White Wall, also known as Memphis, close to the Delta's top. This was the beginning of the Pharaonic ages, which are divided into thirty families (a ruling dynasty); representing distinct periods of ancient civilization.

 The ancient era covers the first and second branches of the ancient Egyptian civilization. The Old Kingdom includes the following four families (third to sixth). This peaceful era has helped to create enormous economic, cultural and artistic development. The stepped pyramid of Zoser, the first major architectural work of stone, was the most remarkable achievement of the ancient state.

This was followed by a period of relapse as a result of the increasing power of the rulers of the provinces, which threatened the king's authority and led to chaos and bloodshed. It was known as the "First Transition Age" and covers the reigns of five families (7th to 11th).

 Around 2065 BC, the military power was used by Montuhot II, the Emir of Tiba, to establish a strong and reliable government. Egypt achieved an economic renaissance and saw the return of arts and architecture. The political capital was moved to Leisht in Fayoum.

 After the fall of the Twelfth Dynasty, around 1752 BC, the rule in Egypt became shaky and fragile again and fell into the hands of the Hyksos; tribes that came from Asia and invaded Egypt, advancing southward. The Hixus introduced horses to Egypt and the horse-drawn military vehicle. King Ahmose I was finally able to expel the Hyksos outside Egypt;

 The modern state remained in the 20th Dynasty, and the capital of the government moved to the south in Thebes (now Luxor). The kings sought to achieve internal reform and established a regular army. Egyptian forces invaded neighboring countries; their empire extended to the Euphrates. However, Egypt was invaded by the Libyans - one of the peoples of the Mediterranean region, as well as the Nubians. These successive wars affected all aspects of life in Egypt, from the twenty-first to the thirtieth Dynasty. The 26th Dynasty was known as the Renaissance, as a result of a short period of peace.

 The entry of Alexander the Great into Egypt, in 332 BC, marked the end of Pharaonic times; the Greek-Roman Empire began. After the death of Alexander in 320 BC, Ptolemy I founded the Ptolemaic period in Egypt. The Greeks ruled Egypt over the next two hundred and fifty years; from its capital, Alexandria, which became the cultural and economic center of the ancient world.

 The glory of the Ptolemaic family began to fade, when Egypt declared the rebellion in 206 BC. And hastened Egypt's submission to the influence of Rome what the Ptolemaic faced with the expenses of quelling the movement of discontent, disobedience, internal conflicts and weak foreign policy. In 32 BC, Cleopatra committed suicide; with her ally Marc Antony. Octavius ​​(Augustus Caesar) won the Battle of Actium.
Egypt thus lost its independence and became a Roman province ruled from outside. The people of Egypt refused to accept the rulers who no longer played the official roles of the Holy Property. The Roman Empire saw civil wars and began to disintegrate. Emperor Diocletian seized power in Egypt and made tremendous efforts to reorganize the Diwaniyans. As the Roman Emperor Constantine came to power, the Byzantine era began. Egypt remained under the control of the Byzantine Empire, until the Arab conquest in 642 AD.

 The Arab conquest led by Amr ibn al-Aas, a new capital close to the Roman Fort, known as the "fortress of Babylon", was established in Egypt. It is Fustat. Fustat became the meeting point for Muslims from West Asia and North Africa. The seat of government of the caliphate in the Abbasid era, which began in 749 AD, moved to Baghdad. The Abbasids established in Egypt the city of "Askar" to the north-east of Fustat.

 In 868 AD, Ahmad Ibn Tulun and Alia were appointed to Egypt, and he established a new capital - al-Qataa'i - to the northeast of the military. Although Egypt was considered one of the successor states to the Muslims, it became independent from the caliphate under the rule of the Toulonites; In 969, the Fatimids, led by Jowhar al-Saqli, seized power in Egypt; they established a new capital for the country - in the name of "Cairo" - in 974 AD: as a square city.
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