Humanities are the branches of knowledge that are concerned with the study of human formations and concerns, rather than their natural processes and social relationships. Humanities include "humanities" of philosophy, language, literature, art and history. Since ancient times, the ancient Egyptians have had tremendous cultural achievements, which have been hard-pressed to revise, refine and transmit them through successive generations.
During the age of the ancient state, the ancient Egyptians developed the artistic styles and decorative forms that have been used for thousands of years. The ancient Egyptians also recorded their daily activities and religious beliefs in texts and scenes that appeared on the walls of tombs and temples. Education was very important for the ancient Egyptians; they taught their children to read, write, literature and mathematics.
In the Old Kingdom, literature tended to follow the mold or form known as "the literature of wisdom", which was concerned with teaching the principles of proper conduct. By the time of the modern state, scribes were commissioned to write literary works praising the pharaoh. For many centuries, pupils have been learning the story of Sinuhi, a senior official who fled Egypt after the Pharaoh's death. Poetry and songs dating back to the New Kingdom era have been found. In the same era, a text called "literary controversy" was found; one of those familiar with the art of science and criticizing the knowledge of one of its rivals glorifies it.
The Greco-Roman era, especially during the early period of Ptolemaic rule, witnessed the flourishing of arts and humanities in the city of Alexandria. The great poets and philosophers moved to the Bibliotheca Alexandrina where they could refer to a vast number of texts and discuss their theories. The scientists were invited to live and work in the museum near the library. The education of children, including girls, remained important in the upper classes.
In the Coptic era, especially after the reign of Emperor Constantine, writing became an effective means of spreading the new religion and educating its entrants. Where the monasteries have specialized in the production of books; the art of the production of books has reached its climax, including the art of writing, illuminated fine engravings, colorful detailed illustrations of scenes from the Bible, and images of saints. After liberation from Roman persecution, Christian scientists were able to meet together; to discuss philosophical and theological ideas.
During the reigns of the Muslim rulers, especially during the rule of the Fatimids and the Ayyubids, education, literature and thought continued to hold high value. Students attended schools attached to the mosques; some of them achieved international fame. The princes and sultans competed in honor of hosting science councils in their palaces. The art of Arabic calligraphy, with its beautiful patterns, became an important art; the calligraphers worked hard to create writings worthy of expressing the words of God that he had revealed to his prophet. In addition to the beautiful copies of the Qur'an, comprehensive encyclopedias have been prepared on a variety of topics. The interest of Muslims in the diversity of knowledge led to the translation of Greek and Latin texts into Arabic.
