‪Metal industry in Ancient Egypt‬‏

In Egypt, naturally, there is a variety of mineral ores; but a few minerals - such as silver and tin - were imported from abroad. Copper metal was the most commonly used in ancient Egypt. Gold has been used in jewelery, just as silver has been used since the pre-family era. As bronze is known, it is an alloy (a mixture) of copper metal and tin since the Second Dynasty; but it became only common in the modern state. Iron meteorite was first known, but it was not extracted from mines or used in general; until the Ptolemaic era. Tin may have been imported from the islands of Crete and Cyprus, and was often used in the production of bronze.
To reach a high enough temperature to extract minerals from their natural ores, the ancient Egyptians built special coal-fired stoves. The metal was melting, to purify, in a crucible above the fire. In the era of the Old Kingdom, the workers were blowing into the fire with a blower to reach the melting temperature of the metal, which required a number of workers to rotate. The major kerater was developed in the modern state; it consisted of a shallow dish covered with leather. When the metal is extracted, it is usually formed in the form of blocks; then laminated using an oval stone hammer. To make pieces of metal, the piece was cut in the desired shapes, then bent and fixed together. The impurities and the heads of the mounting screws were rubbing stones, until they disappeared. In another mode of formation, the metal was placed on a round anvil, where a worker placed it in place; Two methods of casting, in metal formation, have been developed in the modern state; The first is the method of wax lost, and the other is the casting method of composite forms. There was a method of forming by special means of the vessels 0
Unbroken copper beads, as well as simple copper pins, were found in davens dating back to 4000 BC. Copper pots, tools and weapons were manufactured in the era of the Old Kingdom, and gold beads dating back to the same period were found. The gold industry reached a high degree of perfection, by the Middle Kingdom. The products of this era include: ornaments, seals and seals; they reflected high levels of craftsmanship, using methods that created shapes and symbols using gold wires to be sold in crushed gold flakes - and then grafted with precious stones and colored glass. Among the products of the central state are the gold and silver wires; and the granule, which created decorative forms by welding small gold pellets on the surfaces of the gold foil; all of them used techniques that were popular during that period. Bronze has become the most precious metal for which equipment, weapons and tools of everyday use are made; in the modern state era. Used in the manufacture of jewels, axes, heads of bayonets, fishing hooks, pots, rugs, daggers and mirrors. By the end of the modern state, bronze had begun to be cast, instead of its methods: allowing production on a general scale. The small statues were poured in large numbers and were given to the temples as vows. Bronze retained its importance, as the most commonly used, until the Ptolemaic era.
During the reign of the Caliphate and the rule of the rulers of the Muslims; from about the middle of the seventh century to the tenth century, the metal industry was influenced by the Byzantine and Sassanian traditions. Since the eleventh century, metal products have been fed with complex decorations of different metals. These products include fragrances, boxes, lamps and candlesticks. The fourteenth century AD, Egypt was under Mamluk rule, with new decorations, such as veins (small roses) and fish. The Mamluk era was known for its fascinating and fascinating works, most of which were produced by sultans and princes.

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