He was six years old and the longest period of rule in ancient Egypt. He ruled for about ninety-four years and died about a hundred years ago. His mother was his first and perhaps the most famous of his works in the early years of his rule. To Byblos in the north, and the length of the reign of King Bibi II impact on the weakness of the family, we find that in the end because of his age is unable to earn obedience to the princes of the powerful provinces who increased their authority and did not owe allegiance to the King and refused to pay tribute and the emergence of instability and insecurity, All of you N neglected laws and social edifice collapsed and the expulsion of employees from their jobs and increased looting The tragedy began with the weakness of King Bibi II for his helplessness and his age and his astonishment at what was going on around him and his handing over the lies of the hypocrites around him. The rulers of the provinces took their provinces and Estadobabal...

                                 Fig. 1. Front and Back views of the Narmer Tablet, Cairo Museum How to Date a Pharaoh Old Kingdom.  Middle Kingdom.  New Kingdom. 31 Dynasties. 170 Pharaohs.  Nice, neat, concise historical data.  But where did it all originate from?  Let’s start with the terminology. What is a pharaoh?  In Egyptian history, the term derives from ‘Per-aa’, literally the Great House, the private residence of the King.  Around 1200 B.C., this term gradually came to refer to the King who lived there.  The current spelling and pronunciation has three probable sources: from the Latin ‘Pharaonem,’ the Greek ‘Pharao,’ and the Hebrew ‘Par’oh.’ Pharaohs were perceived as both God and King.  Having around 170 Pharaohs to track, the system of dynasties was implemented.  From the Greek word ‘Dynasteia,’ meaning power, l...

There was a man who cut the wood every day in the bush, and then carry it to sell in the market of the city, and lived in the bush mouse and lion, and the mouse likes to provoke the lion and confirmed. One day, Assad said to the mouse: How arrogant you mouse, how do you always harass me and I strongest all animals? . The mouse said: "What you said, my lord is not true, the great force lies in intelligence, and although I am a small mouse, but I am smarter and so I am stronger than you. As for the one who is stronger than all animals, he is the Son of Adam. "I'm the strongest animal, and anything else I do not believe," Assad said. The mouse said: "This belief will not change the truth, (son of Adam) much smarter and stronger than all animals." Assad said: "This is not really." During that time the woodcutter cut his way through the bush. When the mouse saw him from afar, he said to the lion, "This is the man, go to him and show ...

THE WORLD OF ANCIENT EGYPT Before the Dynastic Periods, before the invention of writing, the mighty Nile coursed its path through the ancient world.  Peoples and places existed in various spots around the globe. The climate differed from that which we know.  When we think of Ancient Egypt, mighty pharaohs and magnificent monuments immediately enter our thoughts.  But how did this great civilization come to be?  To fully answer this question, we must travel back in time farther than one is accustomed to when contemplating this great civilization.  You are invited to take this journey with me, as we explore this forgotten world of Ancient Egypt. We need to begin in Prehistoric Egypt to understand what made Egypt become the great ancient civilization we love.  And no, by prehistoric, I do NOT mean the time of dinosaurs, the most frequent image that comes to mind when this word is used.  Prehistory simply refers to times before the advent of w...

In the era of Artagrxes I visited Herodotus Egypt. It is likely that this visit took place between 448, when Athens reconciled with the Persians, and in 445, when he was in Athens before going to Thurii, which he co-founded in 443, and Egypt was then calm, but it was calm the power of surrendering , With the death of the Athenian leader Cimon and the convening of the Callias peace in 448, the Athenian attempts to destroy the Persians and Egypt's Straits ended. The Persians enjoyed a period of rest that was prolonged by the Peloponnesian wars between Athens and Sparta (434-341). Herodotus tells us that the country was prosperous, because trade and industry were popular. Despite the heavy taxes levied on them and their rate has often been unjustified. There is no doubt that the Egyptians have repeatedly proven extraordinary ability to rise after any sermons descended upon them. However, with the two massive revolts against the Persians in a quarter of a century, and accompanied...

The king took the qabah as a sign of his various relations with the gods, the gods and the full titles of the king. Five titles, each with its own name, indicate the right of the divine king to rule Egypt as a single country. 1 - title Houry: relative to the country of the country (Falcon Horus) has emerged since the reign of King Scorpio has been registered in the title of the term called the facade of the palace (Serekh), which is topped by the image of God Horus and may mean here that the ruling King represents God Horus on the ground 2 - the title of the Prophet: This title appeared in The ancient goddess (Wajit) is the protector of the north and represented in the form of the Cobra snake and the other is the "Nakhbet". It is represented in the shape of the bird of the moth and the moth of the south. This title indicates that the two protectorates of the Delta and the High were united in the king 3 - the title of wome...

Cleopatra VII was the last Ptolemaic ruler in Egypt, and surpassed those who preceded her with intelligence, prudence and ambition. Cleopatra conquered the throne and ruled Egypt for twenty years (from 51 to 30 BC). According to Egyptian law, she married her brother Ptolemy XIII; then she felt that that marriage hampered her political plans. After three years of government, she was accused of trying to seize the throne and seize it; she fled to the Eastern Desert and gathered an army of Arabs hoping to attack Alexandria and seize power. Julius Caesar, who entered Alexandria, tried to end the dispute between Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy. Cleopatra slipped behind her brother's army lines and hid in a large rug carried by one of her followers as a gift to Caesar; when the man entered the palace, she appeared from the rug. A relationship with Caesar arose with it, agreed Cleopatra's aspirations also; to seize the throne. Caesar decided that Cleopatra should share her ...

The ancient Egyptian sources on the one hand and the archaeological sites on the other hand reflected the interest of the ancient Egyptian in his other world for his belief in the Baath and eternity and in the existence of other permanence and never after. Perhaps this interest requires him to care for his body after death and keep it in relation to what we know of the art of embalming and what has been revealed by many sites of human mummies. It also required him to pay attention to the existence of a place containing the body, which was the starting point for dozens of funerary tombs distributed in the Nile Valley for all the people, rulers and governed and if they differed in their qualities and degree of honoring them according to the deceased's status. The first architectural form of the cemetery was the oval pit. The deceased was placed in a squat or fetal position and was surrounded by some of his daily life tools, such as grain, barley and some pottery. The d...

Based on the small collections of papyrus found in the tombs, it is believed that the ancient Egyptians collected the texts as part of the elite collections. The inscriptions and manuscripts also contain multiple references to collections of books that were preserved in the so-called "House of Books". There are no architectural remains of any major ancient Egyptian libraries, although they are likely to be found in the main palaces and temples. They include inscriptions in a gallery of the Ramessium temple and another in a room in the Edfu temple, but by virtue of their size and location they were probably used to keep the daily ritual books in the temple. In the Ptolemaic era, Ptolemy I ordered the establishment of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, and Demetrius Valermi provided it with the main collection of the library; Ptolemy II Philadelphia took over the work. And the keenness of the kings who came after him to increase the holdings of the library. Ptolemy III, for e...

Ancient Egyptians recorded the texts on papyrus scrolls and papyrus is a type of paper made from a plant growing in swamps. They used the black ink to edit the main text, and they wrote from right to left. Some of the scrolls that were found reached about 90 feet (about 30 meters) in length, with detailed illustrations and beautiful colors. Papyrus remains the traditional form of textual recording, through the pharaonic and Greek-Roman ages. In the Coptic era, some texts were still inscribed on papyrus; however, animal-made slavery was the favorite and most commonly used material. Papyrus or slavery pages were grouped together in the form of a "binding" package. Several lieutenants or "bundles" were bundled together in a leather or wood wrapper; in a manuscript, similar to the modern form of the book. The manuscripts for individual use were usually smaller; the large manuscripts were used for rituals and rituals as a book of reading placed above the readin...