The ancient Egyptians used a type of writing based on images, in recording their ideas. Unlike other writings that are always written in one direction, hieroglyphics can be edited and read from right to left or vice versa; or vertically in both directions. One can define the beginning direction from which text is read, depending on animal or human labeling; for backward and forward, as these marks always face the beginning of the text. When writing hieroglyphic texts, the ancient Egyptians ignored the sounds of moving letters, as is now the case with Arabic and Hebrew writing. From the time of the ancient state onwards, the ancient Egyptians also used the Hieratic script; a short, concise writing on papyrus, used by priests in religious and funerary texts. With the later pharaonic times and the Ptolemaic period, a more concise written writing was used: the demotic script. Throughout ancient Egyptian history, scribes were considered the custodians of literary traditions. In add...

Textiles were used in ancient Egypt for many purposes, including clothes, bags, sails, ropes and nets. Ancient Egyptian textiles were mainly made of linen, which comes from flax fibers. They were made from palm fibers, grasses, seeds and, to a lesser extent, sheepskin and goat hair. Flax fibers were spun, separated from the plant, and then spun yarn on a loom; In Pharaonic Egypt, the textile industry was limited to working women on hooks in workshops usually found inside houses, palaces or large losses. Flax fibers, by their nature, had pale golden, brown or green colors; if the plant crop was cut early. The ancient Egyptians used dandruff, or plant dyes for textile coloring; although plant cellulose made dye difficult. And give the cucumber to the texture yellow, yellowish-brown or red. The plant material used in the dye included the herb (herbaceous) for the blue color, the alfalfa and the safflower for the red color. Bleaching was also used for the manufacture of white texti...

The ancient Egyptian sources on the one hand and the archaeological sites on the other hand reflected the interest of the ancient Egyptian in his other world for his belief in the Baath and eternity and in the existence of other permanence and never after. Perhaps this interest requires him to care for his body after death and keep it in relation to what we know of the art of embalming and what has been revealed by many sites of human mummies. It also required him to pay attention to the existence of a place containing the body, which was the starting point for dozens of funerary tombs distributed in the Nile Valley for all the people, rulers and governed and if they differed in their qualities and degree of honoring them according to the deceased's status. The first architectural form of the cemetery was the oval pit. The deceased was placed in a squat or fetal position and was surrounded by some of his daily life tools, such as grain, barley and some pottery. The d...

Based on the small collections of papyrus found in the tombs, it is believed that the ancient Egyptians collected the texts as part of the elite collections. The inscriptions and manuscripts also contain multiple references to collections of books that were preserved in the so-called "House of Books". There are no architectural remains of any major ancient Egyptian libraries, although they are likely to be found in the main palaces and temples. They include inscriptions in a gallery of the Ramessium temple and another in a room in the Edfu temple, but by virtue of their size and location they were probably used to keep the daily ritual books in the temple. In the Ptolemaic era, Ptolemy I ordered the establishment of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, and Demetrius Valermi provided it with the main collection of the library; Ptolemy II Philadelphia took over the work. And the keenness of the kings who came after him to increase the holdings of the library. Ptolemy III, for e...

Ancient Egyptians began practicing medicine in a very early age; around 4000 BC. For example, clues from that period indicate that the "malachite or dahsh" eye coating was used to prevent certain parasitic diseases that affected the eye. It is also thanks to the ancient Egyptians in the achievement is still worth to today; they are the owners of the oldest civil know the practitioner. Amhotep was one of the first practitioners and a brilliant healer. Doctors and some priests taught medicine in the temples during years of training. Ancient Egyptian medical practitioners had a great deal of knowledge of the human body, although at the time there were no schools of medicine in the common sense today. Their knowledge came mainly through the process of embalming; they extracted and examined various parts of the body after death. These internal organs were often placed in the so-called Canopian pots. They also knew about brain fluids, the right position of the heart, that the...

Her father, Ptolemy XII, wished to be followed on the throne by his son Ptolemy XIII, his eldest son, and his seventh eldest daughter, Kilopatra. King died in the spring of 51 BC and left the throne to Abnath and wrote a will before his death to Rome to Tvz the commandment, two Governors ruled Egypt appeared to strangers in 51 BC and, Ptolemy XIII was ten years old, and his sister Kluotra in the eighteenth And according to the customs of the Ptolemaic royal family married the brothers (Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra VII) !!!!!! In three years, Cleopatra was expelled from Egypt and stood by her army on the Egyptian-Syrian border, ready to provide for her rights against her brother. In the meantime, Julius Caesar invaded Italy, Pompey gathered his forces to a counter attack in Macedonia. The following year, Julius Caesar defeated Pompey in the Battle of Persalus. The latter fled with a small group of ships to Egypt. And put implacably plan by tile Potolemaic to kill Pompey, an...

Ancient Egyptian animals supplied with food and milk and whipping; To the side of the dung, discharged for use as fuel for cooking. Buggy Run also helped in the work of the agriculture and transport. The breeding animals are common since very early in the Neolithic age; In Fayoum, the western edge of the delta. Perhaps the ancient Egyptians on the need of animal wealth, of Asia Minor and North Africa. The ancient Egyptians raising cattle, sheep and goats, pigs and donkeys and dogs, geese and other poultry. They also tried to tame (Domesticate) livestock (WILDERBEAST au) during the era of the old state, while riding to Egypt at the beginning of the era of the modern state. The Herds, such as land, belonging to the landowners who recruited the shepherds to take care by animals. The shepherds are involved in one type of animals such as cattle or sheep or goats or pigs. The pastoralists are supervisors, as assistants; Such as "BUCKETS" campaign and "Fodder." I have ph...

She was the wife of "Sakhnin Ra Ta'o" (II), one of the heroes of "Thebes" in the "Hixus" war, and the mother of King Ahmose I, the editor of Egypt of the invaders, The importance of this queen and her fame as one of the great queens in this family was due to her prominent role in the struggle for Egypt against the Hyksos. This was evidenced by the text of a stone plaque found in front of the eighth edifice of the temples of Karnak and began with the titles of King Ahmose and his works, This was a passage for his mother, the queen, "Ihah-hatt", in which everyone was commanded to glorify her. He said: "Praise the Lady of the Earth, the Lady of the Mediterranean Islands (Hao Nebo), famous in every foreign country, who sets plans for the people, the husband of the king, the sister of the king, , Which sponsored the affairs of Egypt, which took care of the order of its army, and put it under its care, were the ones who brou...

Abu simbul) is an archaeological site located in the mountain belly south of Aswan. It consists of two major temples carved into the rock . It was built by King Ramses II in 1250 BC. The facade of the temple consists of four large statues . The king is 67 meters (20 meters) tall and a door leading to 180-foot-long rooms. There are six statues at the entrance to the other temple, four of them for Ramses II and two for his wife Nefertari. Project rescue of Abu Simbel temples of drowning These were threatened by drowning due to the formation of Lake Nasser behind the High Dam. In 1965, the Egyptian government, in cooperation with UNESCO, moved the temple to a nearby high-level location not reached by Lake Nasser. The project included cutting the temple into large stones weighing 1-2 tons, then lifting them and then assembling them in the new place.