Because the Nile is running along the length of the country, boats and ships have been the most important means of transportation in Egypt since ancient times and even the reigns of Muslim rulers. Ships have been shown in frescoes since the Naqada civilization (circa 4000 to 3100 BC); from the time of the ancient state, small wooden models of ships became among the funerary furniture in many tombs. These models represent many types of boats that the ancient Egyptians designed for different purposes. The papyrus boats were used for picnic in the Delta swamps; in daily activities, large wooden boats were used to transport heavy goods, religious ceremonies and for military purposes. During the Ptolemaic period, the Ptolemies built a vast naval force. Ptolemaic ships were manufactured in a variety of ways, which were known throughout the Hellenic world. Pareidates were an important type of naval vessel. The "Kerkoros" ships were used for both commercial and maritime purpose...

The modern state The Eighteenth Family 165 - King Tutankhamun Tutankhamun was one of the eighteenth Egyptian pharaohs in Egypt's ancient history from 1334 to 1325 BC. In the era of the modern state. Tutankhamun is the most famous pharaohs for reasons not related to the accomplishments achieved or wars in which triumphed, as is the case with many of the Pharaohs; but for other reasons are important historically and is most notably the discovery of his tomb and treasures in full without any damage. And the mystery surrounding the circumstances of his death, as many considered the death of Pharaoh at a very early age is abnormal, especially with the presence of traces of fractures in the bones of the thigh and skull, and the marriage of his minister from his widow after his death and installed himself Pharaoh. All these mysterious events, and the heavy use of the legend of the Pharaohs curse associated with the tomb of Tutankhamun, which was used in films made Tutankhamun the...

The factors that helped the pharaonic civilization are divided into natural factors (great Nile, excellent location, climate, abundance of rocks and minerals) and human factors (positive action and continuous struggle). Natural factors Nile and its great virtue:  The Nile helped turn Egypt into a green paradise, and the Egyptians learned how to build ships, helping them to connect, exchange crops and trade.  The ancient Egyptians found the teacher and the source of the first life. They worshiped him and worshiped him in the form of a god called "Haby" and we still celebrate his "fulfillment of the Nile" every year. The ancient Egyptians left us with many historical texts that show the importance of the Nile River in their lives. And the impact of the Nile River in the life of the ancient Egyptian,  One of these texts says: "Peace be upon you, O Nile ... Who rekindles the land of Egypt and its creatures and plants. Peace be on you, O good Lord .....

To ensure adequate water availability for their crops, ancient Egyptians have found the means to deal with the seasonal flood that took about six months; agricultural land becomes completely submerged. This is why farmers have dug irrigation canals and built storage basins, built by building small dams, in order to deliver water to distant and high lands that are not flooded. They also carried the water in the bucket; they hung from a portable yoke on their shoulders. For the same purpose, Shadov invented the era of the modern state. The chadof consists of a long wooden mast that weighs on a pillar or vertical pillar, or attached to a wooden frame. The shadowed can move axially up and down; or side to side. In use, pull the floating agent down to fill the bucket with water: it automatically raises the weight of the bucket to where the worker can empty it in the irrigation channel. This has helped to irrigate the highlands, contributing to an increase in yields. The other is a ...

Philip II unites the Greeks and decides to fight the Persians: Greece were not state Tantzationa political unity of the Commonwealth, but was divided into a large number of mini-states are keen to ensure each of them more independence and freedom and differentiate between them disputes and hatred. If these states reached a distant place in the fifth century BC, they were weakened and chaotic between them during the fourth century, while Macedonia on its northern border was serious in uniting and upscale. When Philip II ascended the throne of Macedonia, he saw that the situation of the Greeks was being taken apart by Macedonia, politically and militarily, and that the Greeks were fighting a national war against their ancient Persian enemies. They controlled the smaller Greeks of Asia and threatened the safety of the Greeks. And the other was the elimination of the Persian threat. The Greeks realized the purposes of Philip and divided into two unequal parts, supported by the le...

The complaints of the pious peasant appeared in the Middle Kingdom era, the golden age of the ancient Egyptian literature, which provided humanity with two of the finest literary texts of the world, namely the complaints of the peasant and the story of the Egyptian writer Sinouhi. The pharaoh raised his complaint to the head of the court in nine pleadings when he was looted by a senior state official. The nine arguments that are attributed to the noble peasant are of wisdom and supreme human values, which makes them masterpieces of world literature. One of the aspects that many people do not pay attention to in the story of the peasant is that the head of the court, Ransa Ibn Miro, when he received the first complaint from the peasant, went to the king and told him that he had received a complaint from a peasant who said: The king ordered the head of the court not to respond to the pharaoh and said, "To continue his speech, you have to keep silent, and his word comes to...

At first we should notice that every civilization has it's  creation myths and like other creation myths, Egypt's is complex and offers several versions of how the world unfolded. The ancient Egyptians believed that the basic principles of life, nature and society were determined by the gods at the creation of the world. It all began with the first stirring of the High God in the primeval waters. The creation myth is recounted in the sacred hieroglyphic writings found on pyramids, temples, tombs and sheets of papyrus.  As we mentioned there're several versions of the creations myths in ancient Egypt, but today I'll focus in these article on the Heliopolis creation myth.  The First god    According to the Heliopolitans, the first act of creation occurred when the sun god Atum, "lord of Heliopolis", emerged from the chaotic darkness of Nun the Primeval ocean as a mythical Bennu bird (similar to phoenix). He flew to Heliopolis, an ancient ...